Impact Fees: What They Cost and How to Find Them

What development impact fees pay for, the legal limits on them, how to find every fee that applies to a project, and a lookup of published fees for homes, apartments, and commercial space in 11 major US jurisdictions.

Impact fees are one-time charges a city, county, or utility levies on new development to pay for the public facilities its growth requires: roads, water and sewer capacity, parks, schools, and fire and police stations. They are usually assessed when you apply for a building permit and paid before the permit is issued. Names vary: impact fees, mobility fees (Miami-Dade and Hillsborough), system development charges (Portland), facility fees (Raleigh), capital recovery fees (Austin Water). In the 11 jurisdictions in the lookup below, the published fees on a single-family home run from about $2,000 to more than $38,000, which is why they belong in any land budget.

How to find every fee on a project

Impact fees rarely come from one place, so the work is finding every agency that charges one.

List who serves the site. The city or county, the water and sewer utility, the school district, and sometimes a fire district or transportation authority can each charge a fee. In Miami-Dade County, for example, the county collects five separate fees, and which ones apply depends on the city the site is in.
Find each schedule. Search the jurisdiction's site for "impact fee schedule", "system development charges", or "development fee guide". Note the effective date: many schedules change each year, and some, like Orange County, Florida's fire, police, and parks fees, are indexed every May.
Pin down the inputs. Fees depend on the land use category, the size of the home or building, the service area or zone, and for utilities the meter size. A home of 1,999 square feet and one of 2,001 can fall in different brackets.
Ask for a written estimate. Many jurisdictions will estimate fees before you apply, and several publish calculators. Ask which credits apply, such as credit for roads you build or for an existing building you replace.
Check timing. Orange County assesses fees at the rates in effect when a complete permit application is filed, which can matter if an increase is coming.

What impact fees pay for, and the limits on them

Impact fees pay for capital facilities, not operations, and state law limits what they can fund:

Texas allows impact fees only for water, wastewater, drainage, and roadway facilities, based on a capital improvements plan covering no more than 10 years. Fees are assessed at platting and generally collected at the building permit, the plan must be updated at least every five years, and cities cannot charge roadway impact fees in their extraterritorial jurisdiction. Parkland dedication is not an impact fee under the statute.
Arizona limits city development fees to a proportionate share of the cost of listed necessary public services: water, wastewater, drainage, libraries, streets, fire and police, and neighborhood parks. Fees not spent within ten years (fifteen for water and wastewater) must be refunded.

California's Mitigation Fee Act defines a fee as a charge to defray all or part of the cost of public facilities related to the development, and requires the agency to show a reasonable relationship between the fee, its use, and the type of development.

Florida's Impact Fee Act sets some of the most detailed rules:

the fee must be proportional and reasonably connected to, or have a rational nexus with, both the need created by the new construction and the benefit it receives;
it cannot be collected before the building permit is issued;
new or increased fees need at least 90 days' notice;
contributions such as land or road improvements must be credited dollar for dollar;
increases are phased in and capped at 50 percent, and a fee can be raised no more than once every four years, with a narrow exception;
the act does not cover water and sewer connection fees.

The U.S. Constitution sets the outer limit. The Supreme Court has held that a permit condition must have an essential nexus to a legitimate purpose (Nollan, 1987) and rough proportionality to the project's impact (Dolan, 1994), that the test applies to demands for money (Koontz, 2013), and that it applies to conditions set by legislatures, not just case-by-case decisions (Sheetz, 2024). Sheetz left open how closely a fee schedule that applies to a whole class of properties must be tailored, and three justices noted it does not address the common practice of setting impact fees by formula or schedule.

Why impact fees matter in a land deal

They scale with units. A 200-unit apartment project in a county charging $15,000 a unit carries $3 million in fees before construction starts. Use the units per acre calculator to estimate units, then multiply.
They vary more than land buyers expect. The same house can carry a few thousand dollars of fees in one market and over $20,000 in another. Within a single city the spread can be larger still: Phoenix's published single-family totals run from $5,529 to $38,251 by impact fee area, and Fort Worth's transportation fee is zero in some service areas and over $19,000 in another.
They change. Schedules are updated by study and ordinance, some rise in scheduled steps, and temporary waivers come and go. Portland, for example, may exempt most new housing permitted through September 30, 2028.
Rezonings can add more. A rezoning or development agreement can carry its own conditions and contributions on top of the standard schedule. See how to rezone a property.

How to check a specific parcel

Find out which city, county, and utility serve the parcel, then pull each schedule and ask for an estimate. In Plotzy, click a parcel to see its jurisdiction and zoning designation, and use the zoning and lot-size filters to compare sites before you price the fees for the shortlist.

Impact fee lookup

Published fees in 11 US jurisdictions, checked against each schedule. Your exact fee depends on the project; confirm it with the jurisdiction.

Jurisdiction

What you are building

Phoenix charges development impact fees for fire, police, parks, libraries, major streets, storm drainage, water, and wastewater, plus a water resource acquisition fee. They vary sharply by impact fee area: infill areas pay mainly water and wastewater fees, while growth areas pay the full set.

Fee	Charged by	Single-family home	Effective
All development impact fees and water resource feeSingle-family totals assume a 1-inch meter or smaller and include the 1% administrative charge	City of Phoenix	$5,529 (Balance of City) to $38,251 (Paradise Ridge); $35,263 Northwest	Jun 23, 2025

How to find your exact fee: The city publishes single-family totals by impact fee area and a map of the areas. For apartments, commercial, and industrial projects it calculates fees from building size and meter sizes on request.

Amounts are as published. A project's total depends on its location, size, and use; some fees come from separate agencies; and credits or exemptions can apply. Confirm with each jurisdiction before relying on a figure.

Impact fees at a glance

Combined figures are our sums of the published fees named in each cell, not totals the jurisdiction publishes. Checked October 20, 2026. Select a jurisdiction above, or open its details below, for each fee and its source.

Jurisdiction	Single-family home	Apartment unit	Retail, per 1,000 sq ft
Phoenix, AZ	$5,529 to $38,251 by impact fee area (city's published totals)	$2,297 to $17,084 per unit by area, before storm drainage and the 1% admin charge	$0 to $3,690 by area, before water, sewer, and storm drainage
Denver, CO	$26,810 (linkage fee on a 2,000 sq ft home plus water charge on a 7,000 sq ft lot)	$5.12 per sq ft linkage fee up to 9 units; 10+ units provide affordable units or pay in lieu	$6,140 to $9,210 (linkage fee by market area)
Hillsborough County (Tampa area), FL	$19,890 urban to $23,745 rural (four county fees, 2,000 sq ft home), plus utility fees	$12,356 urban to $15,140 rural (four county fees, 1,000 sq ft low-rise unit)	$13,875 urban to $16,275 rural (mobility and fire; shopping center)
Miami-Dade County, FL	$16,023 to $19,192 (five county fees, 2,000 sq ft home, unincorporated)	$11,194 to $13,126 (five county fees, 900 sq ft low-rise unit)	$7,514 to $8,456 (mobility, fire, police; strip retail)
Orange County (Orlando area), FL	$21,784 to $25,634 (five county fees, 1,201 to 2,000 sq ft home)	$15,687 to $18,444 (five county fees, low-rise unit)	$12,750 to $15,657 (transportation, fire, law enforcement)
Atlanta, GA	$4,908 (four city fees, 1,500 to 2,499 sq ft home), before water and sewer	$2,078 to $2,961 per unit by building height	$5,887 (four city fees)
Raleigh, NC	$4,032 to $4,333 (two city fees, 2,000 to 2,999 sq ft home), plus $3,670 water and sewer	$2,791 to $3,007 (two city fees)	$3,925 (thoroughfare fee)
Clark County (Las Vegas area), NV	Up to $2,000 (transportation tax and park tax), plus other fees on some projects	Up to $2,000 per unit (transportation tax and park tax)	$1,000 (transportation tax)
Portland, OR	$28,744 outside the Central City (transportation, parks, water), before sewer; may be exempt to Sep 2028	$12,878 to $15,395 (transportation and parks), before water and sewer; may be exempt	$17,280 to $18,050 (transportation and parks), before water and sewer
Austin, TX	$10,140 to $11,321 (street fee plus water and wastewater, 5/8-inch meter)	$1,088 to $1,607 street fee per mid-rise unit; water and wastewater by meter	$8,870 to $9,696 (street fee, shopping center)
Fort Worth, TX	$5,828 to $24,907 by service area (transportation, water, wastewater)	Up to $10,346 transportation fee per low-rise unit by service area; water and wastewater by meter	$0 to $31,020 by service area (transportation, strip retail)

Phoenix, AZ: every fee and source

All development impact fees and water resource fee (City of Phoenix, Single-family totals assume a 1-inch meter or smaller and include the 1% administrative charge): Single-family home $5,529 (Balance of City) to $38,251 (Paradise Ridge); $35,263 Northwest; Apartment unit $2,297 to $17,084 (our sum of the city's per-unit fees); Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $0 to $3,690 (our sum: fire, police, parks, libraries, major streets); Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $0 to $2,513 office; $0 to $1,104 industrial (same components). Effective Jun 23, 2025. Phoenix impact fee estimates

Denver, CO: every fee and source

Denver has no road or park impact fee. New development pays an affordable housing linkage fee per square foot, or for residential projects of 10 or more units provides affordable units instead, and Denver Water charges a system development charge.

Affordable housing linkage fee (City and County of Denver, Per sq ft of gross floor area; commercial rate by market area): Single-family home $5.12 per sq ft up to 1,600 sq ft; $8.18 above ($16,360 for 2,000 sq ft); Apartment unit $5.12 per sq ft for projects of 9 or fewer units; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $6,140 typical market; $9,210 high market; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $2,560 industrial. Effective Jul 1, 2026. Denver affordable housing linkage fee
Water system development charge (Denver Water, Inside Denver, treated water): Single-family home $3,380 plus $1.01 per sq ft of lot ($10,450 for 7,000 sq ft); Apartment unit $12,350 for the first two units, then $2,710 each for units 3 to 8 and $2,170 each above 8. Effective Jul 1, 2026. Denver Water system development charges 2026

How to find your exact fee: The city publishes a linkage fee estimator, and fees are assessed with permit fees and due before the building permit. Denver Water's sales office calculates water charges.

Hillsborough County (Tampa area), FL: every fee and source

Unincorporated Hillsborough County charges a mobility fee plus school, parks, and fire impact fees on homes. Commercial projects pay only mobility and fire. Mobility varies by urban and rural district. County water and wastewater impact fees apply in its utility service areas.

Mobility (Hillsborough County, Home of 1,500 to 2,499 sq ft; shopping center, per 1,000 sq ft leasable): Single-family home $9,183 urban; $13,038 rural; Apartment unit $6,661 to $9,445 low-rise; $4,864 to $6,933 mid-rise; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $13,562 urban; $15,962 rural; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $8,336 to $11,777 office; $4,230 to $5,982 light industrial. Effective Oct 1, 2022. Hillsborough County mobility fees
Schools (Hillsborough County, Home of 1,800 to 2,499 sq ft; unit of 900 to 1,299 sq ft): Single-family home $8,227; Apartment unit $3,891. Effective Oct 1, 2022 estimate (schedule updated June 2020). Hillsborough County residential fee estimate
Parks (Hillsborough County, Home of 2,000 to 2,499 sq ft; unit of 1,000 to 1,249 sq ft): Single-family home $2,145; Apartment unit $1,555. Effective Jan 1, 2022. Hillsborough County residential fee estimate
Fire (Hillsborough County): Single-family home $335; Apartment unit $249; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $313; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $158 office; $57 industrial. Effective Oct 1, 2019. Hillsborough County fire impact fee notice

How to find your exact fee: Fees are assessed before the building permit is issued. The county offers a residential mobility and impact fee calculator, and gives commercial estimates by email or phone.

Miami-Dade County, FL: every fee and source

The county charges mobility (roads, bikes, and transit), fire, police, school, and parks impact fees. Mobility varies by four context zones and parks by three districts. Police and parks apply in unincorporated areas, Palmetto Bay, and Miami Lakes; other cities charge their own.

Mobility (roads, bikes, transit) (Miami-Dade County, countywide, Context Zones 1 to 4; strip retail; general office; plus a 2% administrative fee): Single-family home $9,275 to $10,625; Apartment unit $6,629 to $7,594 low-rise; $4,465 to $5,115 mid- or high-rise; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $6,472 to $7,414; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $16,954 to $19,422 office; $4,760 to $5,453 light industrial. Effective Dec 31, 2023 to Dec 30, 2027. Miami-Dade County impact fee rate schedule
Fire (Miami-Dade County (not in five cities with their own fire departments)): Single-family home $527.55; Apartment unit $527.55; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $564.20; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $419.10 office; $1,708.60 light industrial. Effective Dec 31, 2024 to Dec 30, 2027. Miami-Dade County impact fee rate schedule
Police (Miami-Dade County (unincorporated, Palmetto Bay, Miami Lakes)): Single-family home $688.42; Apartment unit $688.42; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $477.70; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $477.70. Effective Dec 31, 2024 to Dec 30, 2027. Miami-Dade County impact fee rate schedule
Schools (Miami-Dade County, countywide): Single-family home $612 plus $0.918 per sq ft ($2,448 for 2,000 sq ft); Apartment unit $612 plus $0.918 per sq ft ($1,438 for 900 sq ft). Effective Dec 31, 2024 to Dec 30, 2027. Miami-Dade County impact fee rate schedule
Parks (Miami-Dade County (unincorporated, Palmetto Bay, Miami Lakes), South to North park district): Single-family home $3,084.21 to $4,902.89; Apartment unit $1,910.87 to $2,878.04. Effective Dec 31, 2024 to Dec 30, 2027. Miami-Dade County impact fee rate schedule

How to find your exact fee: Bring the permit plans and application to the county's Impact Fee Section for an assessment before the building permit is issued. Water and sewer connection charges from the county water department are separate.

Orange County (Orlando area), FL: every fee and source

Unincorporated Orange County charges school, parks, fire, law enforcement, and transportation impact fees. Transportation varies by urban, suburban, and rural area. Water and sewer capital charges from Orange County Utilities are separate.

Transportation (Orange County, Home of 1,201 to 2,000 sq ft; retail of 50,000 sq ft or less): Single-family home $9,393.94 urban; $11,588.69 suburban; $13,243.90 rural; Apartment unit $6,786.56 to $9,543.71 low-rise; $5,023.90 to $7,084.91 mid-rise; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $11,489.24 to $14,396.13; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $9,295.65 to $13,114.72 office; $3,563.03 to $5,041.05 light industrial. Effective Jan 1, 2026. Orange County Impact Fees at a Glance
Schools (Orange County, for the school board, Home under 2,000 sq ft): Single-family home $8,829; Apartment unit $6,751 ($307 high-rise). Effective Oct 1, 2022. Orange County impact fee brochure
Parks (Orange County): Single-family home $2,434; Apartment unit $1,617. Effective May 1, 2026. Orange County impact fee brochure
Fire and rescue (Orange County): Single-family home $462; Apartment unit $298; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $481; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $427 office; $102 industrial. Effective May 1, 2026. Orange County impact fee brochure
Law enforcement (Orange County): Single-family home $665; Apartment unit $234; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $780; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $429 office; $111 manufacturing. Effective May 1, 2026. Orange County impact fee brochure

How to find your exact fee: Fees are assessed at the rate in effect when a complete permit application is submitted and paid at permit issuance. The county's Impact Fee Administration gives estimates, and the county links an online calculator.

Atlanta, GA: every fee and source

Atlanta charges a citywide development impact fee covering transportation, parks, fire, and police. The transportation portion is halved within 1,000 walking feet of a MARTA station. Water and sewer charges are separate.

Transportation (City of Atlanta, Home of 1,500 to 2,499 sq ft; halved near MARTA stations): Single-family home $3,128; Apartment unit $1,126 to $1,752; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $4,129; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $2,064 office; $2,690 industrial. Effective Sep 1, 2023 (full rate). Atlanta impact fee schedule
Parks (City of Atlanta): Single-family home $1,217; Apartment unit $651 to $826; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $1,202; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $599 office; $233 industrial. Effective Sep 1, 2023 (full rate). Atlanta impact fee schedule
Fire (City of Atlanta): Single-family home $281; Apartment unit $150 to $191; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $277; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $138 office; $54 industrial. Effective Sep 1, 2023 (full rate). Atlanta impact fee schedule
Police (City of Atlanta): Single-family home $282; Apartment unit $151 to $192; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $279; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $139 office; $54 industrial. Effective Sep 1, 2023 (full rate). Atlanta impact fee schedule

How to find your exact fee: Use the fee schedule on the city's impact fee page. A building permit is not valid until the fee is paid.

Raleigh, NC: every fee and source

Raleigh charges a citywide thoroughfare (transportation) facility fee, an open space facility fee on homes that varies by zone, and water and sewer capital facility fees by meter size.

Thoroughfare facility fee (City of Raleigh, Home of 2,000 to 2,999 sq ft): Single-family home $2,417; Apartment unit $1,616; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $3,924.62; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $2,992.25 office; $1,891.38 industrial. Effective Jul 1, 2026 to Jun 30, 2027. Raleigh Development Fee Guide FY27
Open space facility fee (City of Raleigh, By zone): Single-family home $1,615 to $1,916; Apartment unit $1,175 to $1,391. Effective Jul 1, 2026 to Jun 30, 2027. Raleigh Development Fee Guide FY27
Water and sewer capital facility fees (Raleigh Water, 5/8-inch meter; larger meters cost more): Single-family home $3,670 ($1,447 water, $2,223 sewer). Effective Jul 1, 2026 to Jun 30, 2027. Raleigh Development Fee Guide FY27

How to find your exact fee: Use the city's Development Fee Guide and its online fee calculator, which estimates thoroughfare, open space, and other permit fees.

Clark County (Las Vegas area), NV: every fee and source

Clark County collects development charges at permit, including a transportation tax on every new dwelling and on commercial space, and a residential park construction tax in unincorporated areas. Habitat, facility, and water fees apply to some projects.

Transportation tax (Clark County; cities collect and remit, Per dwelling unit, including apartments; $1.00 per sq ft for commercial): Single-family home $1,000; Apartment unit $1,000; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $1,000; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $1,000. Effective Jul 1, 2020. Clark County Code Chapter 4.22
Residential construction tax (parks) (Clark County, unincorporated areas): Single-family home 1% of valuation or $1,000, whichever is less; Apartment unit 1% of valuation or $1,000 per unit, whichever is less. Effective 2019. Clark County Code Chapter 19.05

How to find your exact fee: County staff calculate these charges at permit issuance; the county's online calculator covers building fees only. Habitat mitigation, development agreement fees, and water connection charges are set separately.

Portland, OR: every fee and source

Portland charges system development charges for transportation, parks, water (by meter size), and sewer and stormwater. Most new housing permitted from August 15, 2025 through September 30, 2028 may be exempt.

Transportation SDC (City of Portland (PBOT), Citywide rate; home of 1,200 sq ft or more; some districts add more): Single-family home $6,841; Apartment unit $3,367; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $15,270; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $7,070 office; $4,590 light industrial. Effective Jul 1, 2026 to Jun 30, 2027. Portland transportation SDC rates
Parks SDC (City of Portland (Parks & Recreation), Home of 1,700 to 2,199 sq ft; unit of 700 to 1,199 sq ft): Single-family home $16,420 ($12,983 Central City); Apartment unit $12,028 ($9,511 Central City); Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $2,010 ($2,780 Central City); Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $2,550 office; $1,270 industrial (higher in Central City). Effective Jul 1, 2026 to Jun 30, 2027. Portland parks SDC schedule FY26-27
Water SDC (Portland Water Bureau, 5/8-inch meter; a 1-inch meter is $13,707): Single-family home $5,483. Effective Jul 1, 2026. Portland Water Bureau SDC schedule

How to find your exact fee: The city tells you which charges apply at permit, and most are paid at building permit issuance, with deferral and installment options. Sewer and stormwater charges depend on plumbing fixtures and paved area, so they are not shown here.

Austin, TX: every fee and source

Austin charges a street impact fee, set by vehicle-miles of travel and higher outside the central loop, and Austin Water charges water and wastewater impact fees per service unit. The street fee applies when new development adds at least 10 peak-hour trips over the existing use, or on sites never developed.

Street impact fee (City of Austin, Inside or outside the SH 71, US 183, and Loop 360 loop; shopping center; general office): Single-family home $2,439.50 inside the loop; $3,621 outside; Apartment unit $1,088 to $1,606.50 mid-rise; $1,377 to $2,048.50 low-rise; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $8,869.50 to $9,695.70; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $4,726.35 to $5,188.05 office; $2,344.95 to $4,592.70 light industrial. Effective Ordinance effective Dec 21, 2020; collected since Jun 21, 2022. Austin Street Impact Fee Program
Water and wastewater impact fees (Austin Water, One service unit (5/8-inch meter); lots platted after Oct 1, 2023; larger meters cost more): Single-family home $7,700 ($4,800 water, $2,900 wastewater). Effective Lots platted after Oct 1, 2023. Austin Water rates and fees

How to find your exact fee: The city publishes a street impact fee worksheet and guidelines on its program page, and the fee is collected when the building permit is issued. Austin Water's impact fee depends on meter size and when the lot was platted.

Fort Worth, TX: every fee and source

Fort Worth charges a transportation impact fee that varies widely by service area, with nine service areas paying none, plus water and wastewater impact fees by meter size. The transportation fee is assessed at final plat and collected before the building permit.

Transportation impact fee (City of Fort Worth, Plats approved on or after Nov 1, 2022; strip retail under 40,000 sq ft; nine service areas pay $0): Single-family home $1,636.55 (Area AA) to $19,078.72 (Area M); $4,920.25 in Area A; Apartment unit $887.50 to $10,346.38 low-rise; Retail, per 1,000 sq ft $4,323.90 to $31,020.02; Office or industrial, per 1,000 sq ft $3,237.60 to $23,226.82 office; $1,317.05 to $9,448.63 light industrial. Effective Collection rates effective Jun 1, 2026. Fort Worth transportation impact fees
Water and wastewater impact fees (Fort Worth Water, 5/8 x 3/4-inch meter; a 1-inch meter is $14,570): Single-family home $5,828 ($2,990 water, $2,838 wastewater). Effective Oct 1, 2026. Fort Worth water impact fees

How to find your exact fee: Look up the service area for the address, then use the city's transportation and water impact fee estimators. Discounts can apply, and no transportation fee is charged in Neighborhood Empowerment Zones.

Frequently asked questions

Who pays impact fees?

The developer or builder pays them, usually at building permit. The cost is typically priced into the land deal or the finished product.

Are impact fees the same as permit fees?

No. Permit and plan review fees pay for processing the application. Impact fees pay for the public facilities the new development will use.

Can impact fees be waived or reduced?

Sometimes. Credits for facilities you build, exemptions for certain housing, and temporary waivers exist in some places, such as Portland's housing exemption through 2028. Ask the jurisdiction what applies.

Are impact fees refundable?

It depends on the local ordinance. Ask the jurisdiction before you pay, especially if the project might not be built.

Sources

The schedules, statutes, and opinions cited on this page were checked on October 20, 2026. Fee schedules change often, so confirm the current schedule with each jurisdiction before relying on any figure. This page is general information, not legal or financial advice. Each jurisdiction's fee schedules are linked in the lookup.

California Legislative Information: Government Code Sections 66000 and 66001. The definition of a fee and the reasonable relationship findings.
Texas Legislature: Local Government Code Chapter 395. What impact fees can fund, the capital improvements plan, timing, updates, and the extraterritorial jurisdiction limit.
Arizona Legislature: A.R.S. 9-463.05. Necessary public services, proportionate share, and refunds.
Florida Legislature: Section 163.31801, Florida Impact Fee Act (2026). Nexus, timing, notice, credits, phase-in limits, and the water and sewer exclusion.
U.S. Supreme Court: Sheetz v. County of El Dorado, 601 U.S. 267 (2024). Legislatively imposed permit conditions, including fees, and the concurrence on fee schedules.
Library of Congress: Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 483 U.S. 825 (1987). The essential nexus test.
Library of Congress: Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994). Rough proportionality.
U.S. Supreme Court: Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District, 570 U.S. 595 (2013). The test applies to demands for money.
Orange County: Impact Fees at a Glance. Assessment timing and the components of the total.
Miami-Dade County: Impact Fees. Which fees apply in which cities.
City of Portland: System Development Charges. Annual adjustment and the housing exemption.

Impact Fees: What They Are, How to Find Them, and What They Cost